Presentation

http://www.bing.com/images/search?q=presentations&view=detail&id=E39FA5B3EC23C76CD6AD54A05F2EEA22643C0ED6&first=0&FORM=IDFRIR

You will be given 5 minutes to present your Magazine Experience.

You will be provided with a rubric to access your presentation and yoru peer will also assess your presentation.

The presentation will be recorded to be presented to future classes.

The marks from the presentation will contribute to you Attitudes mark.

BEST

Attitudes

Criterion F: attitudes in technology
This criterion refers to students’ attitudes when working in technology. It focuses on an overall assessment of two aspects:
• personal engagement (motivation, independence, general positive attitude)
• attitudes towards safety, cooperation and respect for others.
By their very nature these qualities are difficult to quantify and assess, and assessment should therefore take into account the context in which the unit of work was undertaken.


COMMENTS
Self
Personal engagement
Consistently Usually Sometimes Rarely
Motivation
Independence
General positive attitude
Attitude towards
Consistently Usually Sometimes Rarely
Safety
Cooperation
Respect for others

Peer
Personal engagement
Consistently Usually Sometimes Rarely
Motivation
Independence
General positive attitude
Attitude towards
Consistently Usually Sometimes Rarely
Safety
Cooperation
Respect for others

Teacher
Personal engagement
Consistently Usually Sometimes Rarely
Motivation
Independence
General positive attitude
Attitude towards
Consistently Usually Sometimes Rarely
Safety
Cooperation
Respect for others

Comments
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Evaluate

CRITERION E EVALUATE
Students are expected to evaluate the product/solution against the design specification in an objective manner based on testing, and to evaluate its impact on life, society and/or the environment. They are expected to explain how the product/solution could be improved as a result of these evaluations.

Students are expected to evaluate their own performance at each stage of the design cycle and to suggest ways in which their performance could be improved.
Achievement level Descriptor

0 The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below.
1-2 The student evaluates the product/solution or his or her own performance. The student makes some attempt to test the product/solution.
3-4 The student evaluates the product/solution and his or her own performance and suggests ways in which these could be improved. The student tests the product/solution to evaluate it against the design specification.
5-6 The student evaluates the success of the product/solution in an objective manner based on the results of testing and the views of the Intended users. The student provides an evaluation of his or her own performance at each stage of the design cycle and suggests improvements. The student provides an appropriate evaluation of the impact of the product/solution on life, society and for the environment.
Post testing – A stage in the design process where versions of products (for example, prototype) are tested against the need, applied to the context and presented to the end-user or target audience

Self

Evaluating success Done Partial Not done
Based on results of testing Complete Partial Not done
Views of intended users Fully Included Partial Included Not Included
Evaluation at all the stages All Partial Not done
Suggesting improvement at all the stages Done Partial Not done
Evaluation on the impact to society Complete Partial Not done
Evaluation on impact to the environment Complete Partial Not done

Comments __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


Peer

Evaluating success Done Partial Not done
Based on results of testing Complete Partial Not done
Views of intended users Fully Included Partial Included Not Included
Evaluation at all the stages All Partial Not done
Suggesting improvement at all the stages Done Partial Not done
Evaluation on the impact to society Complete Partial Not done
Evaluation on impact to the environment Complete Partial Not done

Comments ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Teacher

Evaluating success Done Partial Not done
Based on results of testing Complete Partial Not done
Views of intended users Fully Included Partial Included Not Included
Evaluation at all the stages All Partial Not done
Suggesting improvement at all the stages Done Partial Not done
Evaluation on the impact to society Complete Partial Not done
Evaluation on impact to the environment Complete Partial Not done

Comments __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Criterion D: Create

Students are expected to document, with a series of photographs or a video and a dated record, the process of making their product/solution, including when and how they use tools, materials and techniques. Students are expected to follow their plan, to evaluate the plan and to justify any changes they make to the plan while they are creating the product/solution.

Students will sometimes embark upon a very ambitious project, or they may encounter unforeseen circumstances. In some circumstances a product/solution that is incomplete or does not function fully can still achieve one of the levels awarded for this criterion.

0- The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below.
1-2The student considers the plan and creates at least part of the product/solution.
3-4 The student uses appropriate techniques and equipment. The student follows the plan and mentions any modification made, resulting in a product/solution of good quality
5-6 The students competently uses appropriate techniques and equipment. The student follows the plan and justifies any, modification made, resulting in a product/solution of appropriate quality using available resources.
Appropriate Quality: This is the best product/solution that the student can produce, taking into account the resources available, the skills and techniques they have used, their educational development, how the product/solution addresses the identified need, and aspects of safety and ergonomics.

SELF Grade ____ Date:_______________________
Descriptors __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PEER Grade ____ Date:_______________________
Descriptors ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Guiding Parameters
A- Competently uses appropriate techniques
B- Following the Plan
C- Justifies any modifications made
D- Appropriate quality use of the resources available
E- Responses of the product to the identified needs
F- Responses of the product to the aspects of safety
G- Responses of the product tie the ergonomics
TEACHER Grade: _________ Date: _______________________
Section Complete Partial Non
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PLAN

PLAN

Design the Model
• generate a range of designs that attempt to meet the design specifications
• compare the designs against the design specifications and
identify the pros and cons of each design
• select one program design and justify its choice and possible improvements
Plan the Model
• devise, with guidance, a series of logical steps to create the product/solution
• construct a plan to create the product/solution that makes effective use of resources and time
• analyze the plan and explain the need for any modifications to the design.
Achievement level
Criterion C: PLAN

0 The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below.

1–2 The student produces a plan. The plan makes reference to resources and time. Describes, with guidance, the steps needed to create the product. With guidance, evaluate the plan and identify modification.

3–4 With some guidance, the student produces a plan that contains some detail of the steps. The plan shows some details in term of resources and time. The student attempts to analyze the plan against the design specifications.

5–6 The student produces a plan that contains a number of logical steps. The plan shows effective use of time and resources. The student identifies key aspects and safety hazards with the plan. The student analyses the plan against the design specification with regards to modification.
COMMENTS
SELF Grade ____ Date:_______________________
Descriptors __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

PEER Grade ____ Date:_______________________
Descriptors ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Guiding Parameters
A- Producing logical a number of steps
B- Shows effective use of time
C- Shows effective use of resources
D- Identifies key aspects
E- Identifies safety hazards
F- Analyses the plan
G- Identifies any modification
Section Complete Partial Non
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1(Wk4) - DESIGN

Design
-Generate A RANGE of feasible designs that meet the design specification (developed at investigate stage)
- EVALUATE EACH design against the design specification (developed at investigate stage).
-Select ONE design, justifying your choice and EVALUATE this in detail (FULLY AND CRITICALLY) against the design specification (developed at investigate stage).

Assess your work -PERSONALLY
Request Your Work to be assessed by a COLLEAGUE
Submit the work to your Course Tutor

Use the following Template
Criterion B: design
Maximum 6
Students are expected to generate several feasible designs that meet the design specification and to evaluate these against the design specification.

Students are then expected to select one design, justify their choice and evaluate this in detail against the design specification.



COMMENTS
SELF Grade ____ Dare:_______________________
Descriptors __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PEER Grade ____ Dare:_______________________
Descriptors __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Guiding Questions
Design
A -Generate A RANGE of feasible designs that meet the design specification (developed at investigate stage)
B- EVALUATE EACH design against the design specification (developed at investigate stage).
C-Select ONE design,
D-justifying your choice and
E-EVALUATE this in detail (FULLY AND CRITICALLY) against the design specification (developed at investigate stage).
TEACHER Grade:_________ Dare:_______________________
Section Complete Partial Non
A
B
C
D
E
_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Investigate Discussion forum

Post you reflection in the Discussion Forum

http://printmediadiscussion.wikispaces.com/message/view/home/37133858

Repsond to two postings

Activity 1 (Wk3) Criterion A -INVESTIGATE-PRINT MEDIA

a) Explain the problem
b) Discuss its relevance
c) Design brief: show how you intend to solve the problem you have presented. This will guide you investigation as you work to develop a more detailed design specification
d) Critically investigate the problem
a. Through appropriate (2) internet sources/(2)books/(2) newspapers or magazines
b. Through discussion with consumers
c. Through your personal experience
e) Evaluate the information you have critically collected and investigated. Make sure you cite (in text) the sources and also provide a detailed reference list (APA).
f) Design specification: make detailed description of the conditions, requirements and restrictions with which a design must comply. This is a precise and accurate list of facts such as conditions, dimensions, materials, process and methods that are important for the designer and for the user. All appropriate solutions will need to comply with the design specification
g) Describe detailed methods for appropriate testing to evaluate your product against a design specification

Assessment
Criterion A: investigate
Maximum 6
Investigation is an essential stage in the design cycle. Students are expected to identify the problem, develop a design brief and formulate a design specification. Students are expected to acknowledge the sources of information and document these appropriately.

COMMENTS
SELF Grade ____ Dare:_______________________
Descriptors __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
PEER Grade ____ Dare:_______________________
Descriptors __________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 
Guiding Questions
a) Explain the problem
b) Discuss its relevance
c) Design brief: show how you intend to solve the problem you have presented. This will guide you investigation as you work to develop a more detailed design specification
d) Critically investigate the problem
a. Through appropriate (2) internet sources/(2)books/(2) newspapers or magazines
b. Through discussion with consumers
c. Through your personal experience
e) Evaluate the information you have critically collected and investigated. Make sure you cite (in text) the sources and also provide a detailed reference list (APA).
f) Design specification: make detailed description of the conditions, requirements and restrictions with which a design must comply. This is a precise and accurate list of facts such as conditions, dimensions, materials, process and methods that are important for the designer and for the user. All appropriate solutions will need to comply with the design specification
g) Describe detailed methods for appropriate testing to evaluate your product against a design specification
TEACHER Grade:_________ Dare:_______________________
Section Complete Partial Non
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Activity 1(Wk3) - Exploring Designs

-I dentify three magazines you like reading.
-Explore the content layout.
-What would you like to borrow from these magazine.
-Briefly explain the above.

BEST

Activity 1 (WK2)

Today we visit the discussion forum.

-We Introduce ourselves (30 Words)
-We briefly explain our topic.(150 words)
-We briefly outline how the strand fits the topics (50 words)
-We briefly ouline how the AOI fits the topic (50 Words)
-We respond to one posting of a classmate by critiquing any issue in their posting.

Link
http://groups.google.com/group/print-media-the-class-project?hl=en


Best

Investigation Questions

1. What is the problem with current print media? (250 words)
2. What is the relevance of solving this problem? (100 words)
3. How can we solve this problem? (250 words)
4. How can we test the solution above? (250 words)

MYPCTY10 VOL 10 (3)

USING PRINT MEDIA TO EDUCATE THE MASSES
Guiding Question “How can we use print media to address issues in our community”

AOI
APPROACHES TO LEARNING (ATL) - Through Approaches to learning, we aim to help students understand how they learn, know and communicate their understanding. Each course helps students:
Strengthen their oral and written communication skills
Become effective researches by asking good questions

HEALTH AND SOCIAL EDUCATION - This area of interaction deals with key aspects of development leading to complete and healthy lives. It encompasses physical, social and emotional health and intelligence. The aim is to develop in students a sense of responsibility for their own well-being and for their physical and social environment. In particular, the exploration of this area in the subject groups allows students to discuss and reflect on the following aspects of health:
Physical Psychological Sociological Economic legal

AK Strand -Governance
Leading Qualities (core leadership qualities)
a disposition towards finding innovative solutions to challenges
a critical awareness of individual rights and responsibilities within a society


Identity and Citizenship
an ability and willingness to participate in projects which involve real solutions to real problems, leading to critical reflection on goals achieved and the comparison of different perspectives on the issues

PROBLEM
There many issues happening in our communities and the awareness levels are minimal or not present at in some cases. Currently the media we have is not issue specific but presents multiple aspects. The publishers prefer this approach because of the economic demands. Selling is profitable when presented to multiple audiences. Some of the media used are not portable such as videos while others are not accessible such as internet. The print media is portable and it can be revisited several times, even in remote locations. However what is present is multiple issues in a single print media. Moreover the youth are not proactive in addressing issues in their community.

CHALLENGE
Research on an issue in the society and explore how it is being addressed. Design a print media to create awareness and to engage the readers on the issue at hand. Use video, website, power point presentation and online collaboration to inform/advertise the community about your print media. Follow the design cycle.
The design folder should be presented as a booklet with table of contents, page numbering and the correct organization of the design cycle. After the magazine is done, the various forms of representation should advertise your magazine. The magazine is 8 paged on 2 A3 papers back to back.
Time Line – 12 weeks
Visit http://mypct.blogspot.com for more details

Magazines- Knowing about them.

Research on Magazines
Find out
-Why are they written.
-How are they organised
-Contents
-Main Story
-Feature Story
-Letters to the Editor
-Picture Speak
-Crossword Puzzle
-Word Serch Puzzel
-Jokes
-How is the Marketing done
-TV ads
-Presentations
-Web Sites
Compile your findings. Do not cut and paste use your own words. Any information that is not yours MUST be quoted. Follow the APA standard of fomarting.

Answer the following questions
-Which is your favorite magazine?
-Why do you like it?
-How did you know about it?
-Why do you think the magazine was published?

Submit your Findings on Monday 29th 8.50 a.m without FAIL

Criterion F: attitudes in technology

This criterion refers to students’ attitudes when working in technology. It focuses on an overall assessment of two aspects:
• personal engagement (motivation, independence, general positive attitude)
• attitudes towards safety, cooperation and respect for others.
By their very nature these qualities are difficult to quantify and assess, and assessment should therefore take into account the context in which the unit of work was undertaken.

Achievement level Descriptor
0 The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below.
1-2 The student occasionally displays a satisfactory standard in one of theaspects listed above.

3-4 The student frequently displays a satisfactory standard in both of the aspects listed above.

5-6 The student consistently displays a satisfactory standard in both of the aspects listed above.

Evaluate

EVALUATE
Students are expected to evaluate the product/solution against the design specification in an objective manner based on testing, and to evaluate its impact on life, society and/or the environment. They are expected to explain how the product/solution could be improved as a result of these evaluations.

Achievement level Descriptor
0 The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below.

1-2 The student evaluates the product/solution or her own performance.
The student makes some attempt to test the product/solution

3-4 The student evaluates the product/solution and his or her own performance and suggests ways in which these could be improved. The student tests the product/solution to evaluate it against the design specification

5-6 The student evaluates the success of the product/solution in an objective manner based on the results of testing and the views of the intended users The student provides an evaluation of his or her own performance at each stage of the design cycle arid suggests improvements Tie student provides an appropriate evaluation of the impact of the product/solution on life, society and/or the environment.

Product testing: A stage in tie design process where versions of products (for example, prototypes) are tested against the need. applied to the context and presented to the end-user or target audience.

Students are expected to evaluate their own performance at each stage of the design cycle and to suggest ways in which their performance could be improved.

CREATE

CREATE
The student will follow the plan developed to come up with the design specification. The student will maintain a process journal to capture the steps in the Create.

A write up is expected to capture the create experience.

Rubric
CREATE
The student has demonstrated a thorough competence in choice of strategy and implementation. He/she has fully justified any modification to the original design specification, and produced original and outstanding work.

Criterion
MAX 6

Plan

PLAN

Design the Model
• generate a range of designs that attempt to meet the design specifications
• compare the designs against the design specifications and
identify the pros and cons of each design
• select one program design and justify its choice and possible improvements.

Plan the Model
• devise, with guidance, a series of logical steps to create the product/solution
• construct a plan to create the product/solution that makes effective use of resources and time
• analyze the plan and explain the need for any modifications to the design.

Assessment Rubric

Achievement level
Criterion C: PLAN
0 The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below.

1–2 The student produces a plan. The plan makes reference to resources and time. Describes, with guidance, the steps needed to create the product. With guidance, evaluate the plan and identify modification

3–4 With some guidance, the student produces a plan that contains some detail of the steps. The plan shows some details in term of resources and time. The student attempts to analyse the plan against the design specifications.

5–6 The student produces a plan that contains a number of logical steps. The plan shows effective use of time and
resources. The student identifies key aspects and safety hazards with the plan. The student analyses the plan against the design specification with regards to modification

Design

Requirement
I dentify a communication method.
Develop three design on the communication method.
For each design analyse it against the design specification.
Select the best design and justify the selection.


Achievement level
Criterion B: DESIGN
Acknowledging resources is required for level 5-6
0 The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below.
1–2 The student generates one design. Designs compared against the design specification. Selects one. Attempt of pros and cons of each design identified.
3–4 The student generates a few designs. Designs compared against the design specification. Selects one. Attempt of pros and cons of each design identified.
5–6 The student generates designs. Designs that meet the design specification. Compares designs against design
specification. Select one and justifies with a description the choice against the design specification. Pros and cons of each design are identified

Investigate 7/1/2011-21/1/2011

Investigate

• Research the history of communicating information and produce a timeline of landmark developments
• Research current methods of communication employed at sea
• Research current methods of communication employed by lifeguards
• Research methods or systems from other areas ( e.g. tic-tac, sign language ) which could be adapted or replicated
• Investigate different number systems ( binary, octal, etc. ) to ascertain how many instructions could be generated for certain methods of communication
• Research alternative methods of communicating information other than visual or audible
• Investigate different methods of 2-Way communication
• Find contact details of beach guard service at Pirates
• Record research findings in your Process Journal


Assessment
INVESTIGATE Identify the problem to be solved • consider the importance of communication.
• Present a brief outline of a current system of communications in sea.
Develop the design brief • ask relevant questions at the different stages of the investigation.
• identify appropriate sources of information and acknowledge these using a recognized convention (newspaper, interviews, users)
• collect and select information, organize it logically and, with guidance, begin to analyze it
• consider, with guidance, the value of sources of information.
Formulate a design specification for the Model • list, with limited guidance, the specific requirements that must be met by the product/solution
• design, with limited guidance, tests to evaluate the product/solution against the design specification.

Rubric

Level of
Achievement

Criterion A: INVESTIGATE
0 The student does not reach a standard described by any of the descriptors given below.
1–2 The problem
The student identifies the problem to be solved. The student writes a simple design brief.

The design brief
The student states and selects useful questions to guide the investigation, with guidance, few resources are identified with guidance, information is collected or selected, organized and presented.

The design specification
The student, with guidance, identifies a method for testing to the product/solution again the design specification. The student, with guidance, is able to list some of the specific requirements met by the product/solution. The Jobs of team member is identified.

3–4 The problem
The student id importance of the problem.

The design brief
The student states and selects appropriate questions to guide the investigation, most resources are identified. Detailed information is collected, selected, organized and presented.

The design specification
The student, with some guidance, outlines a method for testing to compare the product/solution against the design
specification. The student, with some guidance, is able to list many of the specific requirements met by the
product/solution. The Jobs of team members is clearly identified.

5–6 The problem
The student identifies the problem to be solved. The student outlines a simple design brief. The student describes the importance of the problem

The design brief
The student states and selects appropriate questions to guide the investigation, large list of resources are identified and acknowledged. Extensive information is collected, selected organized and presented.

The design specification
The student, with limited guidance, describes a method for testing to evaluate the product/solution against the

Design specification.
The student, with limited guidance, is able to list the specific requirements met by the product/solution. The
Jobs of team members is clearly identified with detail.

Investigate 7/1/2011-21/1/2011

Investigate

• Research the history of communicating information and produce a timeline of landmark developments
• Research current methods of communication employed at sea
• Research current methods of communication employed by lifeguards
• Research methods or systems from other areas ( e.g. tic-tac, sign language ) which could be adapted or replicated
• Investigate different number systems ( binary, octal, etc. ) to ascertain how many instructions could be generated for certain methods of communication
• Research alternative methods of communicating information other than visual or audible
• Investigate different methods of 2-Way communication
• Find contact details of beach guard service at Pirates
• Record research findings in your Process Journal

Assessments

Identify the problem to be solved	• consider the importance of communication. • Present a brief outline of a current system of communications in sea.
Develop the design brief	• ask relevant questions at the different stages of the investigation.  • identify appropriate sources of information and acknowledge these using a recognized convention (newspaper, interviews, users) • collect and select information, organize it logically and, with guidance, begin to analyze it • consider, with guidance, the value of sources of information.
Formulate a design specification for the Model	• list, with limited guidance, the specific requirements that must be met by the product/solution • design, with limited guidance, tests to evaluate the product/solution against the design specification.

 Assessment Rubric

Level of Achievement	Descriptor
0	The student has not reached a standard described by any of the descriptors given below.
1–2	The student demonstrates some knowledge and ability when identifying and applying technological research skills. There are signs of critical thinking and analysis in the work. Some thought has been given to the significance of the product/solution for people and/or the environment. The student’s use and acknowledgement of relevant sources are adequate.
3–4	The student demonstrates clear and consistent application of technological research skills. Personal comments, original thought about the need, and some analysis of the significance of the product/solution for people and/or the environment are evident. Effective use and acknowledgement of sources are demonstrated.
5–6	The student demonstrates excellent foresight when identifying and applying technological research skills. There is a high degree of questioning and critical analysis, and the appropriate use of sources is consistent. There is clear evidence that the student takes the sources into account in his/her investigation. A clear understanding of the potential significance of the product/solution is manifest

 

Introduction Activity-FIND OUT

Find out about Pirates Beach.

What are the kind of activities (concerning the sea) which are done on the beach?
What are the economic implications of these activities?
Are there any safety issues?

Present your finding in a video format that will take less than 10 MB in size.

This work is to be done within one lesson.

Print out the Story Board and update your Process Journal.

Term 2 2011 Unit Communicating Information

This term we shall do a Unit Entitled Communicating Information.

The guiding question will be
How do we ensure safety throught the development of communication sytems?

The area of interaction is Human Ingenuity.
How and why do we create a communication systems for safety ?
What are the consequences of our creation of Communication Systems?

Approaches To Learning
Thinking Skills
Research Skills

The AK strand is Global Economic.
How can we use technology to enhance our resources effectively?

PROBLEM
Pirates is considered both one of the best and dangerous windsurfing, snookering beaches in the region. How can we better communicate to people, once in the sea, about changes in weather and sea conditions?


CHALLENGE
Create a new method of communication that could be used by beach guards or the general public. The system should be cheap to produce, easy to learn but complex enough to communicate a range of instructions. The system can be visual, audible, sensory, or a combination of these